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P-T conditions during emplacement, and D2 regional metamorphism, of the Ben Vuirich Granite, Perthshire, Scotland
- Y. Ahmed-Said, P. W. G. Tanner
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 64 / Issue 4 / August 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2018, pp. 737-753
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The 590±2 Ma Ben Vuirich Granite was intruded into late Proterozoic Dalradian rocks prior to the Grampian orogeny, during which it was affected by upper amphibolite facies regional metamorphism. Spotted cordierite and andalusite (chiastolite) hornfelses at the granite margin were altered to kyanite-and garnet-bearing assemblages during regional metamorphism. From the inferred mineralogy of the hornfels, together with the normative Qz–Ab–Or values of the granite and the application of a simple cooling model, we conclude that the country rocks immediately adjacent to the granite were hornfelsed at T = ∼600°C and P ≤ 2 kbar.
The hornfelsed rocks were subsequently metamorphosed during the regional D2 event to form an equilibrium mineral assemblage of muscovite + biotite + garnet + plagioclase + quartz + kyanite (after chiastolite). Garnet which grew during this event shows unusual reversed chemical zoning, with Ca increasing systematically from core to rim as Fe, Mg and Mn decrease. A study of element partitioning between coexisting phases in equilibrium (including zoned garnets), and use of an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset, suggest that isothermal (T = 577±42°C) compression (from P = 6.2±1.6 kbar to 9.0±1.9 kbar) occurred during crustal thickening. K-feldspar-plagioclase-quartz veinlets found in the hornfels close the granite contact are demonstrated to be of igneous origin.
Significance of the early fabric in the contact metamorphic aureole of the 590 Ma Ben Vuirich Granite, Perthshire, Scotland
- P. W. G. Tanner
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 133 / Issue 6 / November 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 April 2017, pp. 683-695
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An early fabric is preserved in pseudomorphs of contact metamorphic cordierite and andalusite found in hornfelsed Dalradian rocks at the NW margin of the Ben Vuirich Granite. As previous work had suggested that this fabric may be of regional tectonic (D1) origin, and taken as evidence that a pre-590 Ma (Neoproterozoic) erogenic event had affected the Dalradian Supergroup, the textures found in the hornfelses and their porphryoblasts are illustrated and described in detail. Three types of hornfels are recorded: unspotted, cordierite-, and andalusite-bearing. Cordierite was altered to mica, garnet, and kyanite, and andalusite pseudomorphed by kyanite, during the subsequent D2 regional metamorphism.
The early fabric is finely spaced and associated with a weak shape fabric, except in the higher grade hornfelses where it is more intensely developed and formed during the deformation of irregularly shaped, cross-cutting granitic veinlets. It is concluded that the hornfels fabric is probably bedding modified by intrusion-related deformation, rather than a D1 fabric parallel to bedding. The implication of this finding is that intrusion of the Ben Vuirich Granite occurred during the Vendian (c.650 Ma) rifting phase, at about the time that the Tayvallich lavas were being deposited, and before any significant deformation of the Dalradian rocks had taken place. There is no unambiguous evidence to show that the early fabric in the hornfels at Ben Vuirich formed during a Precambrian, regional-scale, deformation of the Dalradian block.
Two-contact Circular Test Structure for Determining Specific Contact Resistivity
- Y. Pan, G. K. Reeves, P. W. Leech, P. Tanner, A. S. Holland
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1553 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 July 2013, mrss13-1553-t03-13
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- 2013
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As ohmic contacts decrease in size and approach nanoscale dimensions, accurate electrical characterization is essential, requiring the development of suitable test structures for this task. We present here a new test structure derived from the standard three-contact circular transmission line model (CTLM) [1], for determining the specific contact resistivity of ohmic contacts. This test structure minimizes sources of error which arise from the CTLM by – (i) reducing the number of contacts within one test pattern from three to two, (ii) ensuring the assumption of equipotential metal contacts used in modelling is more easily attained experimentally, and (iii) allowing the fabrication of reduced geometrical dimensions essential for determining low specific contact resistivity values. The analytical expressions are presented and experiment results are undertaken to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique. There are no error corrections required for determining contact parameters using the presented test structure.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Hurricanes need not cause high mortality: the effects of Hurricane Gilbert on forests in Jamaica
- P J Bellingham, V Kapos, N Varty, J R Healey, E V J Tanner, D L Kelly, J W Dalling, L S Burns, D Lee, G Sidrak
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- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 8 / Issue 2 / May 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 217-223
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Significance of the early fabric in the contact metamorphic aureole of the 590 Ma Ben Vuirich Granite, Perthshire, Scotland
- P. W. G. Tanner
-
- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 133 / Issue 6 / November 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 683-695
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An early fabric is preserved in pseudomorphs of contact metamorphic cordierite and andalusite found in hornfelsed Dalradian rocks at the NW margin of the Ben Vuirich Granite. As previous work had suggested that this fabric may be of regional tectonic (D1) origin, and taken as evidence that a pre-590 Ma (Neoproterozoic) orogenic event had affected the Dalradian Supergroup, the textures found in the hornfelses and their porphryoblasts are illustrated and described in detail. Three types of hornfels are recorded: unspotted, cordierite-, and andalusite-bearing. Cordierite was altered to mica, garnet, and kyanite, and andalusite pseudomorphed by kyanite, during the subsequent D2 regional metamorphism.
The early fabric is finely spaced and associated with a weak shape fabric, except in the higher grade hornfelses where it is more intensely developed and formed during the deformation of irregularly shaped, cross-cutting granitic veinlets. It is concluded that the hornfels fabric is probably bedding modified by intrusion-related deformation, rather than a D1 fabric parallel to bedding. The implication of this finding is that intrusion of the Ben Vuirich Granite occurred during the Vendian (c.650 Ma) rifting phase, at about the time that the Tayvallich lavas were being deposited, and before any significant deformation of the Dalradian rocks had taken place. There is no unambiguous evidence to show that the early fabric in the hornfels at Ben Vuirich formed during a Precambrian, regional-scale, deformation of the Dalradian block.
New evidence that the Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone at Callander, Perthshire, belongs to the Dalradian Supergroup, and a reassessment of the ‘exotic’ status of the Highland Border Complex
- P. W. G. Tanner
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 132 / Issue 5 / September 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 473-483
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The Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone at Callander in Scotland lies within a sequence of palecoloured grits and dark slates (here named the Keltie Water Grit Formation (KWGF)) which has lithological similarities with members of the Highland Border Complex (HBC) (Ordovician) seen elsewhere along the Highland Border. The Keltie Water Grit Formation has a transitional boundary with a grit-slate sequence of undoubted Dalradian parentage; as the ‘Leny Grits’ of previous workers include both the KWGF and part of the Dalradian sequence, this term is now rendered invalid. The entire sequence youngs upwards from the Dalradian to the top of the overlying Keltie Water Grit Formation, shares the same structural sequence and geometry, and has the same facing and vergence direction on the main cleavage. All field and petrographic data are consistent with a minimum age of post-early Cambrian for the Grampian event, the main orogenic event to affect the Dalradian. Examination of critical sections elsewhere across the Highland Border shows that there is an apparently consistent stratigraphical and structural relationship between the Highland Border Complex and the Dalradian which, as suggested by some previous workers, would require the Grampian event to be post-Arenig in age. However, we are faced with a so-far unresolved paradox that there are certain palaeontological and radiometric data which are in conflict with this conclusion, and support the alternative hypothesis that the Highland Border Complex docked with the Dalradian in post-Ordovician times.
Geochemical evidence for loss of Na and K from Moinian calc-silicate pods during prograde metamorphism
- P. W. G. Tanner, R. G. Miller
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 117 / Issue 3 / May 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 267-275
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A total of 111 major element analyses have been made of impure calcareous rocks from the Late Precambrian Moinian sequence in NW Scotland. Samples were collected along a 36 km traverse from three stratigraphic horizons which are repeated by folding and vary in metamorphic grade from lower to upper amphibolite facies. Anorthite content of the plagioclase, which increases progressively from albite to anorthite, was assessed by X-ray diffraction measurement of 2θ (131–11); this value is used as a ‘metamorphic index’ for rocks with a CaO/Al2O3 (wt. %) ration of 0.3–0.7 and Na2O/Al2O3, < 0.35. Na2O/Al2O3 and K2O/Al2O3 ratios plotted against this index, together with the spatial relationship between metamorphic/chemical isograds and stratigraphic boundaries show that both Na (0.24–4.82% Na2O) and K (0.01–3.28% K2O) are lost from the calc-silicate rocks during prograde metamorphism. These chemical changes result in a variation of the stable mineralogy with increasing metamorphic grade and take place through the medium of the intergranular fluid.
Timing of events in an Early Cretaceous island arc–marginal basin system on South Georgia
- P. W. G. Tanner, D. C. Rex
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 116 / Issue 3 / May 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 167-179
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19 new K–Ar mineral ages of 78-201 Ma and 3 Rb–Sr whole rock isochron ages of 81 ± 10, 127±4 and 181±30 Ma are presented from units of continental crust, mafic complex and island arc assemblage on South Georgia. The Drygalski Fjord Complex, part of the possible floor of the marginal basin in the southern part of the island, includes granodiorite and gabbro plutons of minimum age 180–200 Ma. Together with older metasediments they have been affected by a major thermal event at about 140 Ma, thought to have resulted from the emplacement of a mafic complex (Larsen Harbour Formation) during the initial opening of the marginal basin. Rocks of the Larsen Harbour Formation are cut by the Smaaland Cove intrusion dated by Rb–Sr whole rock isochron at 127±4 Ma. An island arc assemblage exposed to the SW of South Georgia consists of pyroclastic rocks cut by monzodiorite and andesite intrusions, which give radiometric ages of 81–103 Ma. These data suggest that the marginal basin opened during the late Jurassic (pre-140 Ma); that part of an earlier (early Mesozoic) magmatic arc is preserved in continental crust making up part of the floor of the basin; and that subduction continued beneath the island arc until at least the Senonian time. The younger plutons in the arc were emplaced at roughly the same time as turbidite facies rocks at deep levels in the marginal basin were being affected by penetrative deformation and metamorphism. The timing of events on South Georgia agrees closely with that deduced for the continuation of the same island arc–marginal basin system in South America. The 180–200 Ma plutons correlate with an older suite of plutonic rocks reported from the Antarctic Peninsula and southern Andes; they are part of a once-continuous magmatic arc related to subduction of the Pacific plate beneath Gondwanaland during the early Mesozoic.
The role of the Highland Border Ophiolite in the ∼ 470 Ma Grampian Event, Scotland
- P. W. G. TANNER
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 144 / Issue 3 / May 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 April 2007, pp. 597-602
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Field and petrological studies of the Highland Border Ophiolite demonstrate that it was obducted onto the Neoproterozoic–Ordovician rocks of the Dalradian block, and not emplaced against them by post-orogenic strike-slip movement. It was welded onto the upper, southward-younging limb of the already recumbent Tay Nappe (D1), and deformed by the Downbend Antiform (D4). However, its emplacement was not accompanied by significant internal deformation of the Dalradian block. As the ophiolite is correlated with those at Clew Bay, Tyrone and Shetland, this result will necessitate complete revision of the current model for basin closure on the southeastern margin of Laurentia.
Chemical Vapor Deposition Coating for Micromachines
- S. S. Mani, J. G. Fleming, J. J. Sniegowski, M. P. De Boer, L. W. Irwin, J. A. Walraven, D. M. Tanner, M. T. Dugger
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 616 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 21
- Print publication:
- 2000
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Two major problems associated with Si-based MEMS devices are stiction and wear. Surface modifications are needed to reduce both adhesion and friction in micromechanical structures to solve these problems. In this paper, we will present a process used to selectively coat MEMS devices with tungsten using a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) process. The selective W deposition process results in a very conformal coating and can potentially solve both stiction and wear problems confronting MEMS processing. The selective deposition of tungsten is accomplished through silicon reduction of WF6, which results in a self-limiting reaction. The selective deposition of W only on polysilicon surfaces prevents electrical shorts. Further, the self-limiting nature of this selective W deposition process ensures the consistency necessary for process control. Selective tungsten is deposited after the removal of the sacrificial oxides to minimize process integration problems. This tungsten coating adheres well and is hard and conducting, requirements for device performance. Furthermore, since the deposited tungsten infiltrates under adhered silicon parts and the volume of W deposited is less than the amount of Si consumed, it appears to be possible to release stuck parts that are contacted over small areas such as dimples. Results from tungsten deposition on MEMS structures with dimples will be presented. The effect of wet and vapor phase cleans prior to the deposition will be discussed along with other process details. The W coating improved wear by orders of magnitude compared to uncoated parts. Tungsten CVD is used in the integrated-circuit industry, which makes this approach manufacturable.
Selective W for Coating and Releasing MEMS Devices
- S. S. Mani, J. G. Fleming, J. J. Sniegowski, M. P. de Boer, L. W. Irwin, J. A. Walraven, D. M. Tanner, D. A. La Van
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 605 / 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 135
- Print publication:
- 1999
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Two major problems associated with Si-based MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) devices are stiction and wear. Surface modifications are needed to reduce both adhesion and friction in micromechanical structures to solve these problems. In this paper, we will present a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) process that selectively coats MEMS devices with tungsten and significantly enhances device durability. Tungsten CVD is used in the integrated-circuit industry, which makes this approach manufacturable. This selective deposition process results in a very conformal coating and can potentially address both stiction and wear problems confronting MEMS processing. The selective deposition of tungsten is accomplished through the silicon reduction of WF6. The self-limiting nature of this selective W deposition process ensures the consistency necessary for process control. The tungsten is deposited after the removal of the sacrificial oxides to minimize stress and process integration problems. Tungsten coating adheres well and is hard and conducting, requirements for device performance. Furthermore, since the deposited tungsten infiltrates under adhered silicon parts and the volume of W deposited is less than the amount of Si consumed, it appears to be possible to release stuck parts that are contacted over small areas such as dimples. The wear resistance of selectively coated W parts has been shown to be significantly improved on microengine test structures.
Optical Properties of Dopant Induced States in La2−xSrxCuO4-δ Compounds
- S. Etemad, D. E. Aspnes, P. Barboux, G. W. Hull, M. K. Kelly, J. M. Tarascon, R. Thompson, S. L. Herr, K. Kamaras, C. D. Porter, D. B. Tanner
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 99 / 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2011, 135
- Print publication:
- 1987
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Optical data over a broad energy range (∼ 0.01 eV to ∼ 6 eV) for a series of La2−xSrxCuO4-δ compounds are obtained in parallel with the Meissner effect and the superconductivity transition temperature, Tc. Two noteworthy trends in the optical spectra are observed as the Sr concentration is increased in small steps from x = 0 to x = 0.3. First is the appearance of a low frequency band in the reflectivity, R, whose strength follows closely the Meissner effect and Tc measured on the same set of samples. The position of the onset of this band is pinned at ∼0.9 eV for all values of x. The origin of this band in R is identified as an absorption process due to an electronic transition with a large oscillator strength. Second is the appearance and disappearance of an intense vibrational mode whose strength also tracks “superconductivity”. This sharp structure in the far infrared is a characteristic vibrational mode associated with the dopant induced electronic state.